Which of the following is NOT typically used as a tool in system analysis and design?

• A. Data Flow Diagrams
• B. Entity-Relationship Modeling
• C. Taxonomies
• D. Quality indicators

Answer: (D)

In system analysis and design, you use modeling tools that help map how a system works and how data moves and is stored. A Data Flow Diagram shows processes, data inputs and outputs, data stores, and the paths data takes, which clarifies requirements and helps identify where improvements are needed. An Entity-Relationship Model focuses on the structure of data—entities, attributes, and their relationships—which guides database design and data integrity. Taxonomies provide a structured vocabulary and classification scheme, aiding consistent terminology and organization of concepts during analysis and design.

Quality indicators, by contrast, are metrics used to evaluate how well a system meets quality goals—such as performance, reliability, or usability—often during testing or post-implementation evaluation. They’re about measuring outcomes rather than modeling or designing the system. That distinction is why quality indicators are not typically used as a design or analysis tool.